Table 1 Mental health outcomes among individuals affected by the GEJE (excluding Fukushima)
| Citation (reference no.) | Sample type (location) | N | Data collectiona | Findings (subject proportions, measurements) | Risk factors of outcome(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yokoyama et al. [13] | Residents (Iwate) | 10,025 | 6 and 11 months | 42.6 %, K6 ≥ 5 | Severe financial problems, displacement, lack of network |
| Niitsu et al. [12] | Residents (Iwate) | 902 | 11 months | 48 %, K6 ≥ 5 | Female, middle-to-low educational status, unemployment |
| Koyama et al. [10] | Residents (Miyagi) | 281 | 11 and 12 months | 35.9 %, K6 ≥ 13 | No social support, lower annual income, cohabitating with ≥6 people |
| Nagata et al. [11] | Residents of temporary housings (Iwate) | 200 | 10–12 and 19–21 months | No significance in K6 ≥5 between two time points (37.5 %, 10–12 months vs. 43.5 %, 19–21 months). Sense of isolation higher at 19–21 months | |
| Sugimoto et al. [14] | National sample | 8777 | 12 months | No significance in K6 ≥13 between certified vs. non-certified groups for house damage (8.4 vs. 9 %) | Lack of support from family, friends and neighbors |
| Fujihara et al. [15] | Diabetic patients (Ibaraki) | 320 | 3 months pre- and post-disaster | Worsening of glycemic control was associated with total GHQ scores, interruption of drug regimen, somatic symptoms, and sleep disturbances/anxiety | |
| Inoue et al. [17] | Household of tsunami-affected houses (Miyagi) | 4176 | 7–12 months | Social isolation | Men <65 years and living alone, low income |
| Funayama et al. [16] | Psychiatric outpatients (Tochigi) | 294 | 2 months | 4.1 % worsened and 1.2 % improved in GAF score | GAF score >50 |
| Saito et al. [18] | Psychiatric in/outpatients (Tokyo) | 155 | 1 week | 3.5 % worsening of psychiatric symptoms (increase in epileptic seizure or GAF score) | |
| Aoki et al. [19] | Psychiatric patients on mandatory admission (Tokyo) | 224 | 6 months pre- and post-disaster | Increased admission cases post-disaster (n = 127) compared to pre-disaster (n = 97) | Schizophrenia |
| Kato et al. 20] | Psychiatric inpatients with suicide attempt (Kanagawa) | 592 | 6–1 months before and 1–6 months post-disaster | The number of admitted patients on ventilator was higher after the earthquake (Pre, n = 87 vs. post, n = 123) | Jobless, family psychiatric history, precipitating attempt, and alcohol intake |
| Orui et al. [23] | National government statistics report (Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima) | 24 months pre- and post-disaster | Suicide rates in men decreased during the post-disaster period; rates in women increased in the first 7 months | ||
| Momma et al. [22] | Small and medium enterprise employees (Miyagi) | 522 | 7 months pre- and 5 months post-disaster |
14.3 % (men), IES-R ≥ 25 (5 months post-disaster) 24.4 % (women), IES-R ≥ 25 (5 months post-disaster) |
Male: weak bilateral leg extension power, daily drinking habits, and depressive symptoms Female: hypertension and depressive symptoms |
| Takeda et al. [24, 25] | Female high school students (Miyagi) | 1180 | 9 months |
10 %, IES-R ≥25 Associated with premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder severity | |
| Iwadare et al. [21] | Junior high school student (Miyagi) | 1919 | 8 and 20 months | Shorter sleep duration and later bedtime at 20 months | Bereavement experience |
| Usami et al. [36, 37] | Children, 4–15 years (Miyagi) | 11,639 | 8 and 20 months | 42.6 %, PTSSC-15 ≥ 23 at 8 months | Evacuation, house damage and/or separation from family, female, and not having breakfast |
| Kuwabara et al. [26] | Children, 6–15 years (Miyagi) | 2259 | 6 months | Students from junior high schools with mortality rate ≥4 % had higher PTSSC-15 scores | |
| Numata et al. [31] | PTSD outpatients (Miyagi) | 43 | Unspecified | 2.5 g of saikokeishikankyoto powder 3 times a day for 2 weeks improved IES-R score | |
| Tuerk et al. [35] | Residents (Ibaraki) | 41 | 40 days post-event | 27 %, self-reported PTSD symptoms | Subjective health and loss of sense of community |
| Niitsu et al. [29] | College students (USA) | 30 | 12–14 months | Japanese students (n = 17) reported higher hyper-arousal than did non-Japanese students (n = 13) | Media exposure |
| Sekiguchi et al. [32] | Non-PTSD residents (Miyagi) | 42 | Pre-disaster, 3–4 months post-disaster | Regional volume changes in the brain observed after the disaster | Smaller GMV in the ACC before the earthquake, decreased GMV in the OFC through the earthquake |
| Sekiguchi et al. [33] | Non-PTSD residents (Miyagi) | 30 | Pre-disaster and 3–4 months post-disaster | Post-disaster anxiety level associated with cerebral structure changes | Lower FA in the right anterior cingulum, increased FA in the left anterior cingulum and uncinated fasciculus |
| Matsubara et al. [27] | Survivors remained at damaged residences (Miyagi) | 5454 | 1–4 months | 8.1 %, depressive reaction (PHQ-2) | House flooding below or above the ground floor, unavailability of gas supply, female, middle aged or elderly, regular intake of psychotropic medicine(s) since before the tsunami, no cohabitant |
| Nishigori et al. [30] | Postpartum women (Miyagi) | 677 | 1 month pre- and 7 months post-disaster | 20 %, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale ≥9 | Maternal age of under 25 years, child’s birth weight under 2.5 kg |
| Matsumoto et al. [28] | Residents (Miyagi) | 4176 | 7–12 months | 15 %, Sleep disturbance measured by an original scale | Lack of pleasure in life, lack of interaction with neighbors |
| Sugiura et al. [34] | Food delivery users (Tokyo and Osaka) | 5053 | 2 months pre- and 1 months post-disaster | Insomnia (original scale), post- vs. pre-disaster odds ratio; Tokyo, 2.0, Osaka, 1.6 |